How Do You Know If Your Bone Marrow Transplant Is Failing?

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A bone marrow transplant is considered failing if a patient's blood cell counts do not start to rise within a few weeks after the transplant, indicating that the new donor cells are not properly "engrafting" and producing new blood cells; this is usually monitored through regular blood tests that measure "chimerism," the ratio of donor to recipient cells in the blood, and a significant drop in the donor cell percentage can signal graft failure. 

A bone marrow transplant may be failing if you experience the following signs such as

• Persistent low levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets after the transplant timeframe for engraftment. 

• Frequent infections due to a weakened immune system from lack of new white blood cells. 

• Low platelet counts can lead to excessive bleeding. 

• Symptoms related to anemia caused by low red blood cell count 

• Blood tests showing a significant drop in the percentage of donor cells in the patient's blood. 

• Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) is a serious complication where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's body. It can show some signs like skin rash, diarrhea, liver problems, and lung problems.

Doctors closely monitor patients after a bone marrow transplant through regular blood tests to catch signs of graft failure early. If you experience any concerning symptoms after a bone marrow transplant, contact your doctor right away. Depending on the situation, further treatment options may include a second transplant from the same donor, a different donor, or additional donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI). Early detection is crucial. If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.

Monitor blood cell counts (white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets), check for infections, and assess organ function. To evaluate the health and function of the transplanted bone marrow. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans, may be used to check for the return of the underlying disease or to assess organ function to check BMT failure.

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